What Can Management Researchers Infer Based on This Study
For many folks, the word "literature" conjures upwards memories of high school English grade reading lists. While the Western literary catechism is expanding to include, and elevate, stories outside of what white, Western readers take dubbed "the classics," in that location are notwithstanding some works that ingather upward in every pupil's career, from Frankenstein and the Ballsy of Gilgamesh to Beloved and The Smashing Gatsby. So, why is literature of import — and why do we study it?
Merriam-Webster defines literature as poetry or prose that has "excellence of class or expression and expressing ideas of permanent or universal interest." While it may sound trite to say, the world's greatest works of literature have changed minds, sparked rebellions, and helped to modify the grade of history. While it would be impossible to contain all of literature's contributions and multitudes here, we're going to take a look at some of the landmark moments in this art class'south history.
Literature Transports Us To the Past
Similar other recovered art objects, literature has the power to tell united states near ancient civilizations. Not only can we understand their customs, values and lives, but we can get a better thought of what their amusement looked like. The first-known examples of literature tin be traced back to ancient Mesopotamia. Around 3400 BCE, the Sumerians adult a arrangement of writing chosen cuneiform, which immune scribes to record myths, hymns and poetry. Some of these earliest-known transcriptions include the "Kesh Temple Hymn" and the "Instructions of Shuruppak," both of which were written around 2500 BCE.
The Ballsy of Gilgamesh, a long-grade Mesopotamian verse form, was originally written around 2100 BCE. Even today, Gilgamesh is considered the first great masterpiece of world literature. In fact, much of the Bible parallels this ancient work, furthering emphasizing simply how universal and influential Gilgamesh was — and continues to exist today.
In 375 BCE, Plato, the Athenian philosopher, authored The Commonwealth, a dialogue betwixt Socrates and his fellow Greek thinkers, which explores thought-provoking questions nearly justice, order and the just homo. And, effectually the 8th century BCE, the landmark epics attributed to the poet Homer, The Odyssey and The Iliad, helped preserve Greek mythology and history in writing.
Early on, literature was independent within poesy and dramatic works — after all, performing plays was another groovy source of amusement. During the 11th century, or the Heian period, Japanese noblewoman and lady-in-waiting Murasaki Shikibu penned The Tale of Genji, which is considered the outset modern novel past many scholars.
Years later, in Europe, things started to shift in a meaningful manner in the wake of Geoffrey Chaucer'due south The Canterbury Tales, a drove of 24 stories written in Middle English betwixt 1387 and 1400. Picking up the prose torch around 1485, Thomas Malory published Le Morte d'Arthur, ane of the kickoff novels in the Western catechism. During the Renaissance, writers like Molière began satirizing everything from the church and government to society at big, showing that written works had the propensity to shift the balance of power and make people rethink their world views.
During the 16th century, as well known equally the Ming dynasty, the Chinese novel Journeying to the W was published. Attributed to Wu Cheng'en, this satire- and allegory-filled work is considered one of the Four Neat Classical Novels of Chinese literature. Effectually the same time, William Shakespeare was helping to lay the foundations of modern English language and craft the literary tropes and story formats we still enjoy today. And, of course, in 1615 Miguel de Cervantes penned Don Quixote, a romantic, archetypal novel that'due south considered one of the most influential works of all time.
Literature Gives Folks a Vocalisation and Platform — and Permit'due south Readers Meet Themselves Reflected
Once again, information technology's impossible to fully encapsulate the breadth of literary history hither. Moreover, this article focuses on written works, only it'southward important to note that many cultures and groups of people record stories through imagery instead — or pass their stories down in oral traditions. All of this to say, our view of literature is a narrow ane, and, in many means, express past the style educational institutions have shaped our agreement of what works are of import.
James Simpson, caput of Harvard University's English Department, spoke nigh these limitations directly in an open letter of the alphabet to the Wall Street Journal entitled "Keen Literature Magnifies Repressed Voices, Always." For Simpson, the ages-old Western literary canon, which highlights the literary contributions of white (and often straight) men, "beguile[s] the fundamental function of literature and other art forms, which is to hear the voices repressed past official forms of a given civilisation."
Of grade, the literary canon has been refreshed in by, which proves that it's of import to reshape and rethink the stories we deem essential. For example, at the time of its writing Nathaniel Hawthorne'southward The Scarlet Letter was kind of the scandalous (easily consumable) HBO-like story of the day. Only, now, it'due south largely considered a probing, essential work — not merely entertainment. In the wake of World War I, authors similar Virginia Woolf and F. Scott Fitzgerald penned novels, like Mrs. Dalloway and The Great Gatsby respectively, that captured their disillusionment get-go and foremost. Notwithstanding, these continue to be must-read works due to the way they exemplify craft and storytelling elements. (At least in part.)
More modern literature besides ushered in the more formal notion of literary sub-genres, ranging from science fiction — a genre created by Frankenstein author Mary Shelley — to romance, fantasy, and realism. By retracing certain tropes, conventions and grapheme types, genre helps us understand the fashion particular stories are shaped by categorizing them.
Without a doubt, literature helps usa uncover — be it an uncovering of the past, a nowadays self, or a possible future. The most distinguished literary greats, like Toni Morrison, Alice Walker, Margaret Atwood, James Baldwin, Kazuo Ishiguro, Chinua Achebe, Jhumpa Lahiri, Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Zadie Smith, and Maggie Nelson (and many, many more folks we don't have the space to proper noun!), capture all of these facets. In short, by climbing into the minds of other characters and worlds — in stepping outside of ourselves — literature allows us to understand universal truths; modify minds; stir empathy; and express our identities and values in lasting, far-reaching ways.
Source: https://www.reference.com/world-view/importance-literature-society-1a66a3cd21a90dd8?utm_content=params%3Ao%3D740005%26ad%3DdirN%26qo%3DserpIndex
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